Science is international in its essence. The general principles of knowledge of the laws of nature, the same for all living and non-living world laws of development unite scientists from various countries and scientific schools.

In the modern world, the exchange of scientific information is an indispensable condition (and at the same time a means) of fruitful scientific activity. “It’s impossible to work seriously in science without constant communication with colleagues from all over the world in the specialty,” wrote IP Pavlov.

Already in the ancient world, when links were established between civilizations, scientists and philosophers became acquainted with the manuscripts brought from other countries. During the period of the classical Middle Ages, scientists in Europe, in the Arabic-speaking world and in the countries of the East relied to a great extent on the works of the great thinkers of previous centuries. In the Renaissance, it became obvious that science is international not only because of its historical development; before science erased the boundaries of states; the scholars, whom we call today the titans of the Renaissance, were educated at two or three universities in different countries, knew Latin and Greek, spoke several foreign languages, and were known throughout Europe.

However, the number of scientists in the entire previous history of mankind is only a tenth (or maybe one hundredth) of the number working in science today. Over the past century, research methods have changed beyond recognition, which are constantly being improved. New generations of computers are being created, research results are processed with lightning speed. All this immeasurably increases the amount of scientific information. The number of scientific discoveries is growing so fast that the memory of a person is not able to keep them, and a serious analysis of them becomes the lot of narrow specialists. And only time crystallizes the "main" and "great" in the vast ocean of scientific information. However, the society, not remaining indifferent, in all ages seeks to give an assessment today. To this end, numerous national and international awards, titles and awards are established. The highest rarity among them is the Nobel Prize: the names of almost all its laureates of f-physicists, chemists, biologists, and physicians — have become firmly established in the history of science.

The Nobel Prize was established on June 29, 1900 in accordance with the will of the Swedish industrialist and scientist A. Nobel. To this day, it remains the most honorable award in the world in the field of science (Fig. 156).

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (Nobel, Alfred V., 1833-1896) —the inventor of dynamite, was an ardent pacifist. “My discoveries,” he wrote, “would rather end all wars than your congresses. When the warring parties discover that they can destroy each other in one moment, people will give up these horrors and waging war. ”

Initially, A. Nobel's idea was to help low-income talented researchers, which he generously provided. The final idea is the Nobel Foundation, the interest from which allows annually paying the Nobel Prizes in the amount of about 100 thousand dollars. In the testament of Alfred Nobel says:

All the property that remained after me must be distributed as follows: my executors must transfer capital into securities, creating a fund, the interest from which will be issued as a premium to those who brought the greatest benefit to humanity during the previous year. These percentages should be divided into five equal parts that are meant: the first part to the one who made the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics, the second to the one who made a major discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry, the third to the one who achieved outstanding success in the field of physiology or medicine, the fourth - to create the most significant literary work, reflecting human ideals, the fifth - to the one who will make a significant contribution to the unity of nations, the destruction of slavery, reducing the existence of existing armies and the promotion of a peace agreement.

Prizes in the field of physics and chemistry should be awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in physiology and medicine by the Royal Caroline Institute in Stockholm, in literature by the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, the peace prize by a committee of five elected by the Norwegian Storting. My particular wish is that the award of prizes should not be influenced by the nationality of the candidate, so that the prize will be received by the most deserving, regardless of whether they are Scandinavian or not.

Below is a list of Nobel Prize winners in the field of physiology and medicine, as well as related natural sciences related to medicine, and the exact wording of the decisions of the Nobel committees.

1901. Emil Adolf von Bering (Beh-

ring EA von, Germany) —for work on ce

rotosters, and above all for its use

fight against diphtheria.

1901. Wilgerm Konrad Roentgen (Ront-gen W. S, Germany) —for the discovery of the rays that bear his name.

1902. Ronald Ross "(Ross R., Great Britain

for malaria work that showed

as it affects the body, so

laid the foundation for important research

this disease and methods of dealing with it.

1903. Niels Ryuberg Finsen (FinsenN. R.,

Denmark) - for the treatment of diseases, especially

benno lupus using concentrated

light rays.

1903. Antoine Henri Becquerel (Becque-

rel A. A., France) - for the discovery of spontaneous

radioactivity, as well as Pierre Curie (Cu

rie R., France) and Maria Sklodowska-Curie

(Sklodowska-Curie M., Poland, France) -

for studying the phenomenon of radioactivity, discovered

addition A. A. Becquerel.

1904. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russia) -

in recognition of his work on the physiology of pi

chew that allowed change and races

expand our knowledge in this area.

1905. Robert Koch (Koch R., Germany) -

for research and discoveries in the field of tuber

Kuleza.

1906. Camillo Golgi (Golgi S, Ita

Lia) and Santiago Ramon y Kahal (Ramon y

Gajal S., Spain) - for their work in research

the structure of the nervous system.

1907. Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (La-

veran ch. L. A., France) —for work on

studying the role of protozoa as pathogens

got sick

1908. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Russia) and

Paul Ehrlich (Ehrlich P., Germany) - for

immunization bots (immunity theory).

1908. Ernst Rutherford (Rutherford E., We-

UK) - for research on disintegration

elements and chemistry of radioactive substances

social

1909. Theodore Kocher (Kocher T., Switzerland

Rye) - for his work in physiology, pathology and

thyroid surgery.

1910. Albrecht Kossel (Kossel A., Germa

for) work on protein substances

including nucleins that have contributed to

study of cell chemistry.

1911. Alvar Gullstrand (Gullstrand A.,

Sweden) - for the work on dioptric eyes.

1911. Maria Sklodowska-Curie (Sklodow

ska-Curie M., Poland, France) - as a sign for

knowledge of her contribution to the development of chemistry, which

she introduced the discovery of elements of radium and by

lonia, determination of properties of radium and excretion

radium in metallic form, and

There, for her experiments with this element.

1912. Alexis Carrel. (Carrel A., Fran

tion) - in recognition of his works on stitching

i viyu vessels and transplantation of blood vessels and organs.

1913. Charles Richet (Richet Ch., Fran

tion) - for work on anaphylaxis.

1914. Robert Barani (Barany R., Avst

Riya) - for his work in physiology and pathology

vestibular apparatus.

1919. Jules Bordet (Bordet J., Belgium) -

for discoveries in the field of immunity.

1920. Augustus Krogh (Krogh A., Denmark) -

for the discovery of the mechanism of capillary blood

appeals.

1922. Nils Henrik David Bor (Bohr

N.N. D., Denmark) —t for merit in learning

the structures of the atoms and the radiation they emit

of

1923. Archibald Vivien Hill (Hill AV,

UK) - for the discovery of the phenomenon is hidden

moreover, heat generation in the muscles and Otto

Erhof (Meyerhof O., Germany) - for the discovery

laws regulating oxygen absorption

muscle and education in her milk kis-.

lots.

1923. Frederick Grant Banting (Ban

ting FG, Canada) and John James Rickard

MacLeod (Macleod J. J. R., Great Britain

Niya) - for the discovery of insulin.

1924. Bill Einthoven (Einthowen W.,

Netherlands) - for the discovery of the electro method

cardiography.

1926. Johannes Fibiger JFibiger J., Yes

for the discovery of spyropteral cancer.

1927. Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Wagner-Jau-

regg J., Austria) —for the discovery of therapeutics

effect of malaria inoculation in case of

progressive paralysis.

1928. Charles Nicole (Nicolle Ch., Fran

tion) - for work on typhus.

1928. Heinrich Wieland (Wieland H., Germany) • for research on the composition of bile acids and other similar substances.

1928. Adolf Windaus (Windaus A., Ger

mania), - for merit in studying the composition of

rhinov and their relationship with a group of vitamins.

1929. Christian Ackman (Eijkman Ch., Nee

Dutch) - for the discovery of antineuritic

vitamin and Frederick Gowland Hopkins [Gop-

Keynes] (Hopkins F. G., United Kingdom) - for.

the discovery of vitamin growth.

1929. Arthur Garden [Harden] (Harden A.,

UK) and Hans von Euler-Helpin

(Euler-Chelpin H., von, Sweden) - for the work

on fermentation of sugars and for research

enzymes involved in this process.

1930. Karl Landsteiner [Landsteiner]

(Landsteiner K., Austria) - for the discovery of groups

human blood.

1931. Otto Heinrich Warburg (O. Warburg,

Germany) - for the discovery of nature and functions

respiratory enzyme.

1932. Charles Scott Sherrington (Sherring-

ton Ch. S., UK) and Edgar Douglas

Adrian (Adrian E. D., UK) for

discovery of neuron functions.

1933. Thomas Hunt Morgan (Morgan Th. H.,

USA) - for the discovery of chromosome functions as

carriers of heredity.

1934. Dokordzh Hoyt Whipple (Whipple G. N.,

USA), George Richard Minot (Minot GR,

USA) and William Parry Murphy (Murphy W.R.,

USA) - discovery of the treatment of anemia

the introduction of liver extracts.

1935. Hans Schempmann (Spemann H., Germa

for the discovery of the “organizational effect

ta ”in the process of embryonic development.

1935. Irene Joliot-Curie (Joliot-Curie I.,

France) and Frederic Joliot-Curie (Joliot-

Curie F., France) - for jointly executed

synthesis of new radioactive elements.

1936. Otto Leia (O. Loewi, Austria) and

Henry Hallett Dale (Dale H. N., Great Britain

tania) - for discovering the chemical nature

nervous reaction

1937. Albert Szent-Gyordi (Szent-Gyor-

gyi A., USA) - for discoveries related to bio

by logical oxidation, especially for

following vitamin C and catalysis fumaric

acid.

1937. Walter Normen Hours [Howorth] (On-W. N :, Great Britain) - for the study of carbohydrates and vitamin C and Paul Carrer (Karrer P., Switzerland) - for the study of ca-

rotinoids and flavins, as well as vitamins A and B2.

»1938. Korney Heymans [Gaymans] (Neu-mans S, Belgium) - for discovering the role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.

1938. Richard Kuhn (Kuhn R., Germany) -

for studies of vitamins and carotenoids.

1939. Gerhard Domagk (Domagk G., Ger

mania) - for the discovery of therapeutic action

Prontosyl in some infections.

1943. Henrik Dam (Dam N., Denmark) —for

discovery of vitamin K and Edward Adelberg Doy-

zi (Doisy E. A., USA) - for the discovery of

The general nature of vitamin K.

1944. Joseph Erlanger (Erlanger J.,

SSCHA) and Herbert Spencer Gasser (GasserH.S.,

USA) - for discoveries concerning numerous

functional differences between

efficient nerve fibers.

1945. Alexander Fleming (Fleming A.,

United Kingdom), Ernst Boris Chain (Cha

in E. V., Great Britain) and Howard Walter

Florey (Florey H. W., United Kingdom) • - for

discovery of penicillin and its therapeutic

effect in the treatment of various infectious

diseases.

1946. Herman Joseph Moller [Muller]

(Midler HJ, USA) - for the discovery arises

X-ray mutations:

rays.

1946. John Howard Northrop

rop JH, USA) and Wendell Meredith Stanley

[Stanley] (Stanley W.M., USA) - for receiving

pure enzyme and protein species

Russ.

1947. Karl Ferdinand Corey (Cori C. F.,

USA) and Gertie Teresa Corey (Cori G. Th.,

USA) - for the discovery of catalytic processes

glycogen metabolism, as well as Bernardo Al

Berto Husay [Hussey] (Houssay V.A., Argent

na) - for the discovery of the action of the hormone, lost

exchangeable by the anterior pituitary gland

Sahara.

1948. Paul Muller (Muller P., Switzerland

Riya) - for the discovery of DDT action as strong

foot poison for most arthropods.

1949. Walter Rudolf Hess [Hess]

(Hess WR, Switzerland) —for the discovery of

national organization of the intermediate brain

ha and its links to domestic activities

bodies, as well as Antonid Egash Moniz (

niz A. E., Portugal) - for the discovery of tera

the therapeutic action of the prefrontal leuco

tomi in some mental illness

niyah.

1950. Philip Showalter Hench (Hench

Ph. S., USA), Edward Kendall (Kendall E.,

USA) and Tadeusz Reichstein (T. Reichstein,

Switzerland) —for the study of hormones to

ry adrenal glands, their structure and biological action.

1951. Max Tayler (Theiler M., USA) -

for discoveries associated with yellow fever

and the fight against this disease.

1952. Zelman Waxman (Waksman S.,

USA) —for the discovery of streptomycin — the first

an effective antibiotic pro

tiv tuberculosis.

1953. Hans Adolf Krebs (H. A. Krebs,

Great Britain) —for the discovery of the Tricar cycle

Bonovy acid and Fritz Albert Lipmann

(Lipmann, F. A., USA) —for the discovery of

ment A and its role in intermediate exchange

substances.

1954. John Enders (Enders J., USA),

Frederick Chapman Robbins (Robbins F. Ch :,

USA) and Thomas Hackle Weller (Weller Th. H.,

USA) - for the discovery of the ability of the virus

lyomielitis multiply in cultures different

fabrics.

1955. Axel Hugo Theodore Theorel (Theo-rell AH Th., Sweden) - for researching the nature and modes of action of oxidative enzymes.

1956. André Frederic Kournan (Cour-

nand AF, USA), Werner Forssmann (Fors-

smann W. Th. O., Germany) and Dickinson Rea

Charde (Richards D., USA) - for discoveries, communication

cardiac catheterization and pathology

changes in the circulatory system.

1957. Daniele Bove (Bovet D., Italy) -

for discoveries of synthetic substances capable

block the action of some forming

in the body of compounds, especially

on the blood vessels and transversely

striped muscles.

1958. George U el Bidle (Beadle GW,

USA) and Edward Tatem [Tatam, Tatum] (Ta-

tum E., USA) —for the discovery of the ability of

newly regulate certain chemicals

processes (“one gene - one enzyme”), and

same Joshua Lederberg (Lederberg J., USA) —-

for discoveries concerning genetic recom

binders in bacteria and structures are genetically

of the apparatus.

1958. Frederick Sanger [Sanger] (San-

ger F., UK) —for the study

protein structures, especially insulin.

1959. Sieero Ochoa (Ochoa S., USA) and

Arthur Kornberg (Kornberg A., USA) - for use

following the mechanism of biological synthesis

ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic

acids.

1960. Frank Vernet (Burnet F., Australia

Leah) and Peter Brian Medawar (Medawar P. V.,

UK) - for research acquired

immunological tolerance.

1961. György Békésy (Bekesy D., Hungary,

USA) —for the discovery of the physical mechanism

excitement in the cochlea of ​​the inner ear.

1962. Francis Harry Creek. (Crick F. N., -

United Kingdom), James Dewey Watson (Wat-

Lope J. D., USA) and Maurice Wilkins (W1I-

M. kins, UK) - for the establishment of

molecular structure of nucleic acids

'and its role in the transmission of information in live ma

terii.

1963. John Carew Eccles (Eccles J. S,

Australia), Alan-Lloyd Hodgkin (Hodg-

kin AL, UK) and Andrew Fielding

Huxley (Huxley AF, UK) - for

investigations of ionic excitation mechanisms

and inhibition in the peripheral and central,

parts of the membranes of nerve cells.

1964. Conrad Emil Bloch (S., E. Bloch,

USA) and Theodore Linen (Lynen F., Germa

for research on the mechanism of regulation

exchange of cholesterol and fatty acids.

1965. Andre Michel Lvov (Lwoff AM,

France), Francois Jacob (Jacob F., Fran

and Jacques Lucien Mono (Monod JL, Fran

tion) - for the discovery of genetic regulation

synthesis of enzymes and viruses.

1965. Robert Burns Woodward

ward R. V., USA) - for exceptional contribution

in the implementation of organic synthesis.

1966. Francis Rows [Rouse] (Rous F.,

USA) - for the discovery of tumor viruses

and Charles Brenton Huggins (Huggins Ch. V.,

USA) - for the development of cancer treatment

prostate gland using hormones.

1967. Ragnar Granit (Granit R., Sweden),

Holden Hartline (Hartline 'N., USA) and

George Wald (Wald G., USA) - for research

visual process.

1968. Robert William Holley (Holley RW,

USA) Har Gobind Quran (Khorana H. G.,

USA) and Marshall Warren Nirenberg (Niren-

berg MW, USA) —for decoding genetic

skys code and its functions in the synthesis of proteins.

1969. Max Delbrück (Delbriick M.,

USA), Alfred Day Hershey (Hershey A. D.,

USA) and Salvador Edward Luria (Luria S. E.,

USA) - for the discovery of the reproduction cycle

. and the development of the genetics of bacteria and viruses.

1970. Ulf von Euler [Euler-Helpin]

(Euler-Chelpin U. von, Sweden), Julius Ak

Selrod (Axelrod J., USA) and Bernard Ksch

(Katz V., Great Britain) - for the discovery of whitefish

oral substances in the contact organs of the nerve

cells and mechanisms of their accumulation,

release and decontamination.

1971. Earl Wilbur Sutherland [Sutherland]

(Sutherland EW, USA) - for research,

concerning the mechanism of action of hormones.

1972. Gerald Maurice Edelman (Edel-

man G. M., USA) and Rodney Robert Porter

(Porter RR, UK) - for installation

the chemical structure of antibodies.

1973. Karl von Frisch (Frisch K-, von, Ger

mania), Konrad Lorenz (Lorenz, Austria)

and Nicholas Tinbergen (Tinbergen N., The Netherlands, United Kingdom) for creating and using in practice models of individual and group behavior.

1974. Albert Claude (Claude A., Belgium),

Christian Rene de Duve (De Duve Ch. R.,

Belgium) and George Emile Palade (Pala-

de Q. E., USA) for research on structures

Noah and functional organization of the cell.

1975. Renato Dulbecco (Dulbecco R.,

USA) - for the study of the mechanism of action

oncogenic viruses as well as howard martin

Those mines (Temin N. M, USA) and David Balti

Mor (Baltimore D., USA) - for the discovery of

Tray Scrintase

1975. Vladimir Prelog (Prelog V., Shvey

Tsaria) - for his work on organic stereochemistry

molecules and reactions and john warcup cornea

fort (Cornforth JW, UK) - for

work on cholesterol biosynthesis.

1976. Baruch Blumberg (Blumberg V.,

USA) and Daniel Carlton Haidusek (Gajdu-

sek D. C, USA) - for the discovery of new furs

Captures the emergence and spread of in

fektsionnyh diseases.

1978. Daniel Nathan (Nathans D., USA), Hamilton Smith (Smith N., USA) and Werner Arber (Arber W., Switzerland) • for his discovery of restriction enzymes and work on the use of these enzymes in molecular genetics.

1978. Peter Mitchell (Mitchell P., Great

Britain) - for his contribution to the explanation of the transfer

biological energy and development. chemio

motivic theory.

1979. Allan MacLeod Cormac (Sogh

mack A. M., USA) and Godfrey Newbold Houns

Field (Hounsfield G. N., United Kingdom) -

for the development of the method of axial tomography.

1980. Baruch Benacerraf (V. Benacerraf,

USA), Jean Dosset (Dausset J., France) and

George Davis Snell (Snell GD, USA) -

for their discoveries are genetically determined

structures of cell surfaces that regulate

immunological reactions.

1980. Paul Berg (Berg P., USA) —for fun

biochemical research

nucleic acids, in particular

binant DNA, and Walter Gilbert (Gilbert vV.,

USA) and Frederick Sanger [Sanger] (San-

ger F., United Kingdom) - for their contribution to

determination of the base sequence in

nucleic acids. .

1981. Roger Walcott Cneppu (Sper-

ry RW, USA) - for the discovery of the functionality

brain hemispheres specialization and david

Hunter Hubel (Hubel D. N., USA) and Torsten

Nils Wiesel (Wiesel, T. N., USA) —for

Coverage Information Processing

visual system. 1982. Sune Bergstrom (Bergstrom S., Shwe

ration), Bengt Samuelson (V. Samuelsson, Shwe

tion) and John Robert Vane (Vane JR, Veli

kobritaniya). - for the work on the allocation and

the study of prostaglandins and related bio

logically active substances. .

1983. Barbara McClinton (MssSNP-

tock V., USA) —for the discovery of migratory

elements (mobile genes) of the genome.

1984. Nils Kai Erne (Jerne N. K., Be

Great Britain) - for the development of the theory of

typical network and Cesar Milstein [Milš-

thein (Milstein, Argentina) and Georg Köhler

(Kohler G., Germany) - for the development of technology for

radiation hybrid

1985. Michael Stuart Brown (Brown MS,

USA) and Joseph Leonard Goldstein (Gold

stein JL, USA) - for the disclosure of the mechanism

regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the body

Ie animals and man.

1986. Stanley Cohen (Cohen S., USA) and

Rita Levi-Montalcini (Levi-Montalcini R.,

Italy) - for the study of factors and fur

growth control cells and organisms

animals.

1987. Suzumi Tonegawa (Tonegawa S.,

USA) - for the discovery of the genetic basis for

education variational richness of antibodies.

1988. Gertrude Elyon (Elion G. V., USA)

and George Herbert Hitchings (Hitchings G. N.,

USA) - for the development of new principles of

Denmark and the use of a number of medicinal

means (antiviral and antitumor

out)

1989. Michael Bishop (Bishop MJ, USA)

and Harold Varmus (N. Varmus, USA) —for

research of tumor carcinogenic genes.

1990. Edward Donnall Thomas (Thomas E.,

USA) and Joseph Edward Murray (Murrey JE,

USA) - for discoveries concerning transplan-1

tation of organs and cells during treatment

human diseases (bone marrow transplantation

brain and recipient immunity suppression

to prevent transplant rejection

tata).

It is clear that the list of Nobel Prize winners in the field of physiology and medicine and related sciences is not able to reflect all the outstanding ones. achievements of the twentieth century in the field of medical sciences. However, it allows you to see the main directions of development of natural science and medicine in the modern world and to assess the prospects for their further development.